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Biofabrication of the osteochondral unit and its applications: Current and future directions for 3D bioprinting

Santos-Beato, P; Midha, S; Pitsillides, AA; Miller, A; Torii, R; Kalaskar, DM

Authors

P Santos-Beato

S Midha

AA Pitsillides

A Miller

R Torii

DM Kalaskar



Abstract

Multiple prevalent diseases, such as osteoarthritis (OA), for which there is no cure or full understanding, affect the osteochondral unit; a complex interface tissue whose architecture, mechanical nature and physiological characteristics are still yet to be successfully reproduced in vitro. Although there have been multiple tissue engineering-based approaches to recapitulate the three dimensional (3D) structural complexity of the osteochondral unit, there are various aspects that still need to be improved. This review presents the different pre-requisites necessary to develop a human osteochondral unit construct and focuses on 3D bioprinting as a promising manufacturing technique. Examples of 3D bioprinted osteochondral tissues are reviewed, focusing on the most used bioinks, chosen cell types and growth factors. Further information regarding the applications of these 3D bioprinted tissues in the fields of disease modelling, drug testing and implantation is presented. Finally, special attention is given to the limitations that currently hold back these 3D bioprinted tissues from being used as models to investigate diseases such as OA. Information regarding improvements needed in bioink development, bioreactor use, vascularisation and inclusion of additional tissues to further complete an OA disease model, are presented. Overall, this review gives an overview of the evolution in 3D bioprinting of the osteochondral unit and its applications, as well as further illustrating limitations and improvements that could be performed explicitly for disease modelling.

Citation

Santos-Beato, P., Midha, S., Pitsillides, A., Miller, A., Torii, R., & Kalaskar, D. (2022). Biofabrication of the osteochondral unit and its applications: Current and future directions for 3D bioprinting. Journal of Tissue Engineering, 13, https://doi.org/10.1177/20417314221133480

Journal Article Type Article
Acceptance Date Sep 30, 2022
Online Publication Date Nov 6, 2022
Publication Date 2022
Deposit Date Aug 16, 2023
Publicly Available Date Aug 16, 2023
Print ISSN 2041-7314
Electronic ISSN 2041-7314
Publisher SAGE Publications
Peer Reviewed Peer Reviewed
Volume 13
DOI https://doi.org/10.1177/20417314221133480
Keywords Biofabrication; osteochondral unit; cartilage; bone; MESENCHYMAL STEM-CELLS; ARTICULAR-CARTILAGE; HYDROGEL CONSTRUCTS; BONE-FORMATION; SHEAR-STRESS; LONG-TERM; TISSUE; OSTEOARTHRITIS; SCAFFOLD; REPAIR

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