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Cancellous bone and theropod dinosaur locomotion. Part I—an examination of cancellous bone architecture in the hindlimb bones of theropods (2018)
Journal Article
Bishop, P. J., Hocknull, S. A., Clemente, C. J., Hutchinson, J. R., Farke, A. A., Beck, B. R., …Lloyd, D. G. (2018). Cancellous bone and theropod dinosaur locomotion. Part I—an examination of cancellous bone architecture in the hindlimb bones of theropods. PeerJ, 6, e5778. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5778

This paper is the first of a three-part series that investigates the architecture of cancellous (‘spongy’) bone in the main hindlimb bones of theropod dinosaurs, and uses cancellous bone architectural patterns to infer locomotor biomechanics in extin... Read More about Cancellous bone and theropod dinosaur locomotion. Part I—an examination of cancellous bone architecture in the hindlimb bones of theropods.

Evolution of hindlimb muscle anatomy across the tetrapod water-to-land transition, including comparisons with forelimb anatomy (2018)
Journal Article
Molnar, J. L., Diogo, R., Hutchinson, J. R., & Pierce, S. E. (2018). Evolution of hindlimb muscle anatomy across the tetrapod water-to-land transition, including comparisons with forelimb anatomy. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23997

Tetrapod limbs are a key innovation implicated in the evolutionary success of the clade. Although musculoskeletal evolution of the pectoral appendage across the fins‐to‐limbs transition is fairly well documented, that of the pelvic appendage is much... Read More about Evolution of hindlimb muscle anatomy across the tetrapod water-to-land transition, including comparisons with forelimb anatomy.

Integrating morphology and in vivo skeletal mobility with digital models to infer function in brittle star arms (2018)
Journal Article
Clark, E. G., Hutchinson, J. R., Darroch, S. A. F., Mongiardino Koch, N., Bady, T. R., Smith, S. A., & Briggs, D. E. G. (2018). Integrating morphology and in vivo skeletal mobility with digital models to infer function in brittle star arms. Journal of Anatomy, 233(6), 696-714. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12887

Brittle stars (Phylum Echinodermata, Class Ophiuroidea) have evolved rapid locomotion employing muscle and skeletal elements within their (usually) five arms to apply forces in a manner analogous to that of vertebrates. Inferring the inner workings o... Read More about Integrating morphology and in vivo skeletal mobility with digital models to infer function in brittle star arms.

Building a Bird: Musculoskeletal Modeling and Simulation of Wing-Assisted Incline Running during Avian Ontogeny (2018)
Journal Article
Heers, A. M., Rankin, J. W., & Hutchinson, J. R. (2018). Building a Bird: Musculoskeletal Modeling and Simulation of Wing-Assisted Incline Running during Avian Ontogeny. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 6(140), https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2018.00140

Flapping flight is the most power-demanding mode of locomotion, associated with a suite of anatomical specializations in extant adult birds. In contrast, many developing birds use their forelimbs to negotiate environments long before acquiring “fligh... Read More about Building a Bird: Musculoskeletal Modeling and Simulation of Wing-Assisted Incline Running during Avian Ontogeny.

A dynamic simulation of musculoskeletal function in the mouse hindlimb during trotting locomotion (2018)
Journal Article
Charles, J. P., Cappellari, I., & Hutchinson, J. R. (2018). A dynamic simulation of musculoskeletal function in the mouse hindlimb during trotting locomotion. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 6(61), https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2018.00061

Mice are often used as animal models of various human neuromuscular diseases, and analysis of these models often requires detailed gait analysis. However, little is known of the dynamics of the mouse musculoskeletal system during locomotion. In this... Read More about A dynamic simulation of musculoskeletal function in the mouse hindlimb during trotting locomotion.

The influence of speed and size on avian terrestrial locomotor biomechanics: predicting locomotion in extinct theropod dinosaurs (2018)
Journal Article
Bishop, P. J., Clemente, C. J., Graham, D. F., Lamas, L. P., Hutchinson, J. R., Rubenson, J., …Lloyd, D. G. (2018). The influence of speed and size on avian terrestrial locomotor biomechanics: predicting locomotion in extinct theropod dinosaurs. PLoS ONE, 13(2), e0192172. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192172

How extinct, non-avian theropod dinosaurs moved is a subject of considerable interest and controversy. A better understanding of non-avian theropod locomotion can be achieved by better understanding terrestrial locomotor biomechanics in their modern... Read More about The influence of speed and size on avian terrestrial locomotor biomechanics: predicting locomotion in extinct theropod dinosaurs.

Bone apparent and material densities examined by cone beam computed tomography and the Archimedes technique: comparison of the two methods and their results (2018)
Journal Article
Adams, G. J., Cook, R. B., Hutchinson, J. R., & Ziopos, P. (2018). Bone apparent and material densities examined by cone beam computed tomography and the Archimedes technique: comparison of the two methods and their results. Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering, 3(23), https://doi.org/10.3389/fmech.2017.00023

An understanding of bone apparent and material densities and how they vary within bone at the organ level is of great interest in the understanding of degenerative bone conditions and for biomedical engineering applications. The densities of bone tis... Read More about Bone apparent and material densities examined by cone beam computed tomography and the Archimedes technique: comparison of the two methods and their results.

Limb bone scaling in hopping diprotodonts and quadrupedal artiodactyls (2018)
Report
Doube, M., Felder, A. A., Chua, M. Y., Lodhia, K., Klosowski, M. M., Hutchinson, J. R., & Shefelbine, S. J. Limb bone scaling in hopping diprotodonts and quadrupedal artiodactyls

Bone adaptation is modulated by the timing, direction, rate, and magnitude of mechanical loads. To investigate whether frequent slow, or infrequent fast, gaits could dominate bone adaptation to load, we compared scaling of the limb bones from two mam... Read More about Limb bone scaling in hopping diprotodonts and quadrupedal artiodactyls.

Anatomical network analysis of the musculoskeletal system reveals integration loss and parcellation boost during the fins-to-limbs transition (2018)
Journal Article
Esteve-Altava, B., Molnar, J. L., Johnston, P., Hutchinson, J. R., & Diogo, R. (2018). Anatomical network analysis of the musculoskeletal system reveals integration loss and parcellation boost during the fins-to-limbs transition. Evolution, https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.13430

Tetrapods evolved from within the lobe-finned fishes around 370 Ma. The evolution of limbs from lobe-fins entailed a major re-organization of the skeletal and muscular anatomy of appendages in early tetrapods. Concurrently, a degree of similarity bet... Read More about Anatomical network analysis of the musculoskeletal system reveals integration loss and parcellation boost during the fins-to-limbs transition.

Hip joint articular soft tissues of non-dinosaurian Dinosauromorpha and early Dinosauria: evolutionary and biomechanical implications for Saurischia (2018)
Journal Article
Tsai, H. P., Middleton, K. M., Hutchinson, J. R., & Holliday, C. M. (2018). Hip joint articular soft tissues of non-dinosaurian Dinosauromorpha and early Dinosauria: evolutionary and biomechanical implications for Saurischia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 38(1), https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2017.1427593

Dinosauromorphs evolved a wide diversity of hind limb skeletal morphologies, suggesting highly divergent articular soft tissue anatomies. However, poor preservation of articular soft tissues in fossils has hampered any follow-on functional inferences... Read More about Hip joint articular soft tissues of non-dinosaurian Dinosauromorpha and early Dinosauria: evolutionary and biomechanical implications for Saurischia.

Forelimb muscle and joint actions in Archosauria: insights from Crocodylus johnstoni (Pseudosuchia) and Mussaurus patagonicus (Sauropodomorpha) (2017)
Journal Article
Otero, A., Allen, V., Pol, D., & Hutchinson, J. R. (2017). Forelimb muscle and joint actions in Archosauria: insights from Crocodylus johnstoni (Pseudosuchia) and Mussaurus patagonicus (Sauropodomorpha). https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3976

Many of the major locomotor transitions during the evolution of Archosauria, the lineage including crocodiles and birds as well as extinct Dinosauria, were shifts from quadrupedalism to bipedalism (and vice versa). Those occurred within a continuum b... Read More about Forelimb muscle and joint actions in Archosauria: insights from Crocodylus johnstoni (Pseudosuchia) and Mussaurus patagonicus (Sauropodomorpha).

Are mice good models for human neuromuscular disease? Comparing muscle excursions in walking between mice and humans (2017)
Journal Article
Hu, X., Charles, J. P., Akay, T., Hutchinson, J. R., & Blemker, S. S. (2017). Are mice good models for human neuromuscular disease? Comparing muscle excursions in walking between mice and humans. Skeletal Muscle, 7(26), https://doi.org/10.1186/s13395-017-0143-9

The mouse is one of the most widely used animal models to study neuromuscular diseases and test new therapeutic strategies. However, findings from successful pre-clinical studies using mouse models frequently fail to translate to humans due to variou... Read More about Are mice good models for human neuromuscular disease? Comparing muscle excursions in walking between mice and humans.

A quantitative evaluation of physical and digital approaches to centre of mass estimation (2017)
Journal Article
Macaulay, S., Hutchinson, J. R., & Bates, K. T. (2017). A quantitative evaluation of physical and digital approaches to centre of mass estimation. Journal of Anatomy, 231(5), 758-775. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12667

Centre of mass is a fundamental anatomical and biomechanical parameter. Knowledge of centre of mass is essential to inform studies investigating locomotion and other behaviours, through its implications for segment movements, and on whole body factor... Read More about A quantitative evaluation of physical and digital approaches to centre of mass estimation.

Using step width to compare locomotor biomechanics between extinct, non-avian theropod dinosaurs and modern obligate bipeds (2017)
Journal Article
Bishop, P. J., Clemente, C. J., Weems, R. E., Graham, D. F., Lamas, L. P., Hutchinson, J. R., …Lloyd, D. G. (2017). Using step width to compare locomotor biomechanics between extinct, non-avian theropod dinosaurs and modern obligate bipeds. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0276

How extinct, non-avian theropod dinosaurs locomoted is a subject of considerable interest, as is the manner in which it evolved on the line leading to birds. Fossil footprints provide the most direct evidence for answering these questions. In this st... Read More about Using step width to compare locomotor biomechanics between extinct, non-avian theropod dinosaurs and modern obligate bipeds.

Gearing effects of the patella (knee extensor muscle sesamoid) of the helmeted guineafowl during terrestrial locomotion (2017)
Journal Article
Allen, V. R., Kambic, R. E., Gatesy, S. M., & Hutchinson, J. R. (2017). Gearing effects of the patella (knee extensor muscle sesamoid) of the helmeted guineafowl during terrestrial locomotion. Journal of Zoology, 303(3), 178-187. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12485

Human patellae (kneecaps) are thought to act as gears, altering the mechanical advantage of knee extensor muscles during running. Similar sesamoids have evolved in the knee extensor tendon independently in birds, but it is unknown if these also affec... Read More about Gearing effects of the patella (knee extensor muscle sesamoid) of the helmeted guineafowl during terrestrial locomotion.

Finite-element modelling of mechanobiological factors influencing sesamoid tissue morphology in the patellar tendon of an ostrich (2017)
Journal Article
Chadwick, K., Shefelbine, S. J., Pitsillides, A. A., & Hutchinson, J. R. (2017). Finite-element modelling of mechanobiological factors influencing sesamoid tissue morphology in the patellar tendon of an ostrich. Royal Society Open Science, 4(6), 170133. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170133

The appearance and shape of sesamoid bones within a tendon or ligament wrapping around a joint are understood to be influenced by both genetic and epigenetic factors. Ostriches (Struthio camelus) possess two sesamoid patellae (kneecaps), one of which... Read More about Finite-element modelling of mechanobiological factors influencing sesamoid tissue morphology in the patellar tendon of an ostrich.

Cellular preservation of musculoskeletal specializations in the Cretaceous bird Confuciusornis (2017)
Journal Article
Jiang, B. Y., Zhao, T., Regnault, S., Edwards, N. P., Kohn, S. C., Li, Z. H., …Hutchinson, J. R. (2017). Cellular preservation of musculoskeletal specializations in the Cretaceous bird Confuciusornis. Nature Communications, 8, 14779. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14779

The hindlimb of theropod dinosaurs changed appreciably in the lineage leading to extant birds, becoming more ‘crouched’ in association with changes to body shape and gait dynamics. This postural evolution included anatomical changes of the foot and a... Read More about Cellular preservation of musculoskeletal specializations in the Cretaceous bird Confuciusornis.