Ionized hypercalcemia in cats with azotemic chronic kidney disease (2012-2018)

van den Broek, DHN; Geddes, RF; Lotter, NS; Chang, YM; Elliott, J; Jepson, RE

Abstract

Background Hypercalcemia is associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats, but studies assessing the physiologically relevant ionized calcium fraction are lacking. Objectives To describe the prevalence and incidence rate of ionized hypercalcemia, and to explore predictor variables to identify cats at risk of ionized hypercalcemia in a cohort of cats diagnosed with azotemic CKD. Animals One hundred sixty-four client-owned cats with azotemic CKD. Methods Variables independently associated with ionized hypercalcemia at diagnosis of azotemic CKD were explored by binary logistic regression. Cats that were normocalcemic at diagnosis of azotemic CKD were followed over a 12-month period or until ionized hypercalcemia occurred and baseline predictor variables for ionized hypercalcemia explored using Cox proportional hazards and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results Ionized hypercalcemia (median, 1.41 mmol/L; range, 1.38-1.68) was observed in 33/164 (20%) cats at diagnosis of azotemic CKD and was associated with male sex, higher plasma total calcium and potassium concentrations, and lower plasma parathyroid hormone concentrations. Twenty-five of 96 initially normocalcemic (26%) cats followed for minimum 90 days developed ionized hypercalcemia (median, 1.46 mmol/L; range, 1.38-1.80) at a median of 140 days after diagnosis of azotemic CKD (incidence rate, 0.48 per feline patient-year). Only body condition score was independently associated with incident ionized hypercalcemia. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The occurrence of ionized hypercalcemia is high in cats with CKD. Continued monitoring of blood ionized calcium concentrations is advised.

Citation

van den Broek, D., Geddes, R., Lotter, N., Chang, Y., Elliott, J., & Jepson, R. (2022). Ionized hypercalcemia in cats with azotemic chronic kidney disease (2012-2018). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16430

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Apr 11, 2022
• Publication Date: Jul 1, 2022
• Deposit Date: Apr 25, 2023
• Publicly Available Date: Apr 26, 2023
• Journal: Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
• Print ISSN: 0891-6640
• Electronic ISSN: 1939-1676
• Publisher: Wiley Open Access
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16430
• Keywords: calcium; CKD-MBD; diet; feline; renal; GROWTH-FACTOR 23; CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS; CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS; SURVIVAL; ASSOCIATIONS; TIME