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Interspecies Transmission from Pigs to Ferrets of Antigenically Distinct Swine H1 Influenza A Viruses with Reduced Reactivity to Candidate Vaccine Virus Antisera as Measures of Relative Zoonotic Risk

Kimble, JB; Souza, CK; Anderson, TK; Arendsee, ZW; Hufnagel, DE; Young, KM; Lewis, NS; Davis, CT; Thor, S; Baker, AVL

Authors

JB Kimble

CK Souza

TK Anderson

ZW Arendsee

DE Hufnagel

KM Young

NS Lewis

CT Davis

S Thor

AVL Baker



Abstract

During the last decade, endemic swine H1 influenza A viruses (IAV) from six different genetic clades of the hemagglutinin gene caused zoonotic infections in humans. The majority of zoonotic events with swine IAV were restricted to a single case with no subsequent transmission. However, repeated introduction of human-seasonal H1N1, continual reassortment between endemic swine IAV, and subsequent drift in the swine host resulted in highly diverse swine IAV with human-origin genes that may become a risk to the human population. To prepare for the potential of a future swine-origin IAV pandemic in humans, public health laboratories selected candidate vaccine viruses (CVV) for use as vaccine seed strains. To assess the pandemic risk of contemporary US swine H1N1 or H1N2 strains, we quantified the genetic diversity of swine H1 HA genes, and identified representative strains from each circulating clade. We then characterized the representative swine IAV against human seasonal vaccine and CVV strains using ferret antisera in hemagglutination inhibition assays (HI). HI assays revealed that 1A.3.3.2 (pdm09) and 1B.2.1 (delta-2) demonstrated strong cross reactivity to human seasonal vaccines or CVVs. However, swine IAV from three clades that represent more than 50% of the detected swine IAVs in the USA showed significant reduction in cross-reactivity compared to the closest CVV virus: 1A.1.1.3 (alpha-deletion), 1A.3.3.3-clade 3 (gamma), and 1B.2.2.1 (delta-1a). Representative viruses from these three clades were further characterized in a pig-to-ferret transmission model and shown to exhibit variable transmission efficiency. Our data prioritize specific genotypes of swine H1N1 and H1N2 to further investigate in the risk they pose to the human population.

Citation

Kimble, J., Souza, C., Anderson, T., Arendsee, Z., Hufnagel, D., Young, K., …Baker, A. (2022). Interspecies Transmission from Pigs to Ferrets of Antigenically Distinct Swine H1 Influenza A Viruses with Reduced Reactivity to Candidate Vaccine Virus Antisera as Measures of Relative Zoonotic Risk. Viruses, 14(11), https://doi.org/10.3390/v14112398

Journal Article Type Article
Acceptance Date Oct 26, 2022
Online Publication Date Oct 29, 2022
Publication Date 2022
Deposit Date Aug 15, 2023
Publicly Available Date Aug 15, 2023
Electronic ISSN 1999-4915
Publisher MDPI
Peer Reviewed Peer Reviewed
Volume 14
Issue 11
DOI https://doi.org/10.3390/v14112398
Keywords influenza A virus; pandemic preparedness; zoonosis; risk assessment; variant; antigenic drift

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