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Regenerative Medicine and Biological Treatments (2024)
Book Chapter
Guest, D., Schramme, M., & Smith, R. (2024). Regenerative Medicine and Biological Treatments. In Essential Facts of Equine Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine

Many tissues undergo poor natural regeneration following injury or disease and the reparative healing process can lead to tissues that are functionally inferior and prone to re-injury. Regenerative medicine aims to induce natural tissue regeneration... Read More about Regenerative Medicine and Biological Treatments.

Autologous bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells are safe for the treatment of Achilles tendinopathy (2024)
Journal Article
Goldberg, A., Masci, L., O'Donnell, P., Green, R., Brooking, D., Bassett, P., …Smith, R. (2024). Autologous bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells are safe for the treatment of Achilles tendinopathy. Scientific Reports, 14(1), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-61399-3

Achilles tendinopathy is a disabling condition that affects more than 50% of runners. Pre-clinical studies in a large animal model of naturally-occurring tendinopathy similar to human Achilles tendinopathy has shown benefits of autologous bone marrow... Read More about Autologous bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells are safe for the treatment of Achilles tendinopathy.

Transdermal drug delivery in horses: An in vitro comparison of skin structure and permeation of two model drugs at various anatomical sites (2023)
Journal Article
Bizley, S., Dudhia, J., Smith, R., & Williams, A. (2023). Transdermal drug delivery in horses: An in vitro comparison of skin structure and permeation of two model drugs at various anatomical sites. Veterinary Dermatology, 34(3), 235-245. https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.13162

Background: Oral and parenteral drug delivery in horses can be difficult. Equine--specific transdermal drug formulations offer improved ease of treatment; development of such formulations requires a deeper understanding of the structural and chemical... Read More about Transdermal drug delivery in horses: An in vitro comparison of skin structure and permeation of two model drugs at various anatomical sites.

Tumour necrosis factor alpha, Interleukin 1 beta and Interferon gamma have detrimental effects on equine tenocytes that cannot be rescued by IL-1RA or mesenchymal stromal cell-derived factors (2022)
Journal Article
Guest, D., Smith, E., Beaumont, R., McClellan, A., Sze, C., Palomino Lago, E., …Smith, R. (in press). Tumour necrosis factor alpha, Interleukin 1 beta and Interferon gamma have detrimental effects on equine tenocytes that cannot be rescued by IL-1RA or mesenchymal stromal cell-derived factors. Cell and Tissue Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-022-03726-6

Tendon injuries occur commonly in both human and equine athletes, and poor tendon regeneration leads to functionally
deficient scar tissue and an increased frequency of re-injury. Despite evidence suggesting inadequate resolution of inflammation
le... Read More about Tumour necrosis factor alpha, Interleukin 1 beta and Interferon gamma have detrimental effects on equine tenocytes that cannot be rescued by IL-1RA or mesenchymal stromal cell-derived factors.

Changes in Head, Withers, and Pelvis Movement Asymmetry in Lame Horses as a Function of Diagnostic Anesthesia Outcome, Surface and Direction (2022)
Journal Article
Marunova, E., Hoenecke, K., Fiske-Jackson, A., Smith, R., Bolt, D., Perrier, M., …Pfau, T. (2022). Changes in Head, Withers, and Pelvis Movement Asymmetry in Lame Horses as a Function of Diagnostic Anesthesia Outcome, Surface and Direction. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 118, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104136

Evaluation of diagnostic anesthesia during equine lameness examination requires comparison of com-plex movement patterns and can be influenced by expectation bias. There is limited research about how changes in movement asymmetries after successful a... Read More about Changes in Head, Withers, and Pelvis Movement Asymmetry in Lame Horses as a Function of Diagnostic Anesthesia Outcome, Surface and Direction.

Computed tomographic arthrography, gross anatomy and histology demonstrate a communication between synovial invaginations in the proximal aspect of the third interosseous muscle and the carpometacarpal joint in horses (2022)
Journal Article
Gerdes, C., Morgan, R., Terry, R., Foote, A., & Smith, R. (2022). Computed tomographic arthrography, gross anatomy and histology demonstrate a communication between synovial invaginations in the proximal aspect of the third interosseous muscle and the carpometacarpal joint in horses. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9, https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.958598

This descriptive anatomical study investigates the relationship between the third interosseous muscle, also known as the suspensory ligament, and the carpometacarpal joint in forelimbs of horses, with the hypothesis that there was a direct synovial c... Read More about Computed tomographic arthrography, gross anatomy and histology demonstrate a communication between synovial invaginations in the proximal aspect of the third interosseous muscle and the carpometacarpal joint in horses.

Position Statement: Minimal criteria for reporting veterinary and animal medicine research for mesenchymal stromal/stem cells in orthopaedic applications. (2022)
Journal Article
Guest, D. J., Dudhia, J., Smith, R. K., Roberts, S., Conzemius, M., Innes, J. F., …Meeson, R. L. (2022). Position Statement: Minimal criteria for reporting veterinary and animal medicine research for mesenchymal stromal/stem cells in orthopaedic applications. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.817041

Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are being used in an increasingly broad range of clinical applications in horses, dogs and cats. In this position statement, we aim to provide guidelines to improve reporting research involving the use of MSCs in... Read More about Position Statement: Minimal criteria for reporting veterinary and animal medicine research for mesenchymal stromal/stem cells in orthopaedic applications..

Retrospective analysis of oblique and straight distal sesamoidean ligament desmitis in 52 horses (2021)
Journal Article
Hawkins, A., O’Leary, L., Bolt, D., Fiske‐Jackson, A., Berner, D., & Smith, R. (2021). Retrospective analysis of oblique and straight distal sesamoidean ligament desmitis in 52 horses. Equine Veterinary Journal, https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13438

Background
Injuries to the oblique (ODSL) or straight (SDSL) distal sesamoidean ligaments are a recognised cause of distal limb lameness in the horse. However, there are only limited publications addressing common diagnostic features and prognosis.... Read More about Retrospective analysis of oblique and straight distal sesamoidean ligament desmitis in 52 horses.

One health in regenerative medicine: report on the second Havemeyer symposium on regenerative medicine in horses (2020)
Journal Article
Fortier, L. A., Goodrich, L. R., Ribitsch, I., Schnabel, L. V., Shepard, D. O., Watts, A. E., & Whealands Smith, R. K. (2020). One health in regenerative medicine: report on the second Havemeyer symposium on regenerative medicine in horses. Regenerative Medicine, 15(6), 1775-1787. https://doi.org/10.2217/rme-2019-0143

Regenerative medicine is commonly used in human and equine athletes. Potential therapies include culture expanded stem cells, stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue, platelet-rich plasma, bone marrow concentrate, or autologous conditioned serum.... Read More about One health in regenerative medicine: report on the second Havemeyer symposium on regenerative medicine in horses.

Acute life-threatening laryngeal dysfunction in a draft horse recovering from general anesthesia: a case report (2020)
Journal Article
Ronaldson, H. L., Monticelli, P., Smith, R. K. W., & Adami, C. (2020). Acute life-threatening laryngeal dysfunction in a draft horse recovering from general anesthesia: a case report. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 103109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103109

A 13-year-old Shire horse was anesthetized for an elective orthopaedic procedure. During recovery from anesthesia, the occurrence of severe acute dyspnea required a second anesthetic to allow endoscopy-guided nasotracheal intubation. Endoscopic findi... Read More about Acute life-threatening laryngeal dysfunction in a draft horse recovering from general anesthesia: a case report.

Development of a Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein Neo-Epitope Assay for the Detection of Intra-Thecal Tendon Disease (2020)
Journal Article
Smith, R. K. W., Önnerfjord, P., Holmgren, K., di Grado, S., & Dudhia, J. (2020). Development of a Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein Neo-Epitope Assay for the Detection of Intra-Thecal Tendon Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(6), 2155. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21062155

The diagnosis of tendon injury relies on clinical signs and diagnostic imaging but imaging is subjective and does not always correlate with clinical signs. A molecular marker would potentially offer a sensitive and specific diagnostic tool that could... Read More about Development of a Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein Neo-Epitope Assay for the Detection of Intra-Thecal Tendon Disease.

Histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation of cellular response to a woven and electrospun polydioxanone (PDO) and polycaprolactone (PCL) patch for tendon repair (2020)
Journal Article
Rashid, M., Dudhia, J., Dakin, S. G., Snelling, S. J. B., De Godoy, R., Mouthuy, P., …Carr, A. J. (2020). Histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation of cellular response to a woven and electrospun polydioxanone (PDO) and polycaprolactone (PCL) patch for tendon repair. Scientific Reports, 10(1), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61725-5

We investigated endogenous tissue response to a woven and electrospun polydioxanone (PDO) and polycaprolactone (PCL) patch intended for tendon repair. A sheep tendon injury model characterised by a natural history of consistent failure of healing was... Read More about Histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation of cellular response to a woven and electrospun polydioxanone (PDO) and polycaprolactone (PCL) patch for tendon repair.

Regenerative medicine in equine orthopaedics: what and when? (2020)
Journal Article
Smith, R. K. W. (2020). Regenerative medicine in equine orthopaedics: what and when?. https://doi.org/10.12968/ukve.2020.4.1.8

The development of regenerative medicine has opened up many new therapeutic avenues in veterinary medicine. The focus of regenerative medicine in the horse lies primarily in the musculoskeletal system, where the consequences of injury make tendons, l... Read More about Regenerative medicine in equine orthopaedics: what and when?.

Risk of intra-articular injection with longitudinal ultrasound-guided injection of the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint in the horse (2019)
Journal Article
Smith, R. K. W., Parsons, J., & Dixon, J. J. (2019). Risk of intra-articular injection with longitudinal ultrasound-guided injection of the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint in the horse. https://doi.org/10.1111/vru.12811

Desmopathy of the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint is a common cause of equine foot lameness and carries a poor prognosis with conservative management. Intralesional injections may improve healing, although accuracy of radiogr... Read More about Risk of intra-articular injection with longitudinal ultrasound-guided injection of the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint in the horse.

Evaluation of the Effects of Synovial Multipotent Cells on Deep Digital Flexor Tendon Repair in a Large Animal Model of Intra-Synovial Tendinopathy (2019)
Journal Article
Khan, M. R., Smith, R. K., David, F. H., Lam, R., Hughes, G., DeGodoy, R., …Dudhia, J. (2019). Evaluation of the Effects of Synovial Multipotent Cells on Deep Digital Flexor Tendon Repair in a Large Animal Model of Intra-Synovial Tendinopathy. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 38(1), 128-138. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.24423

ntra‐synovial tendon injuries are a common orthopedic problem with limited treatment options. The synovium is a specialized connective tissue forming the inner encapsulating lining of diarthrodial joints and intra‐synovial tendons. It contains multip... Read More about Evaluation of the Effects of Synovial Multipotent Cells on Deep Digital Flexor Tendon Repair in a Large Animal Model of Intra-Synovial Tendinopathy.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells do not enhance intra-synovial tendon healing despite engraftment and homing to niches within the synovium (2018)
Journal Article
Khan, M. R., Dudhia, J., David, F. H., De Godoy, R., Mehra, V., Hughes, G., …Smith, R. K. W. (2018). Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells do not enhance intra-synovial tendon healing despite engraftment and homing to niches within the synovium. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-018-0900-7

Intra-synovial tendon injuries display poor healing, which often results in reduced functionality and pain. A lack of effective therapeutic options has led to experimental approaches to augment natural tendon repair with autologous mesenchymal stem c... Read More about Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells do not enhance intra-synovial tendon healing despite engraftment and homing to niches within the synovium.

Mineralization can be an incidental ultrasonographic finding in equine tendons and ligaments (2018)
Journal Article
O'Brien, E. J. O., & Smith, R. K. W. (2018). Mineralization can be an incidental ultrasonographic finding in equine tendons and ligaments. https://doi.org/10.1111/vru.12628

Tendon/ligament mineralization is recognized in horses but information regarding its clinical significance is limited. The aims of this observational study were to report the structures most commonly affected by ultrasonographically detectable minera... Read More about Mineralization can be an incidental ultrasonographic finding in equine tendons and ligaments.